Passage 2

Before about 3500 BC, there were cultures, but not civilizations. Prehistoric men and women created societies, constructed houses, lived in villages, hunted and fished, farmed, made pottery, wove cloth, and created languages. But unlike more advanced peoples, they did not build cities, read, or write. Cities are the cornerstone of civilized life because with them came other civilizing elements, including differentiation of classes and employment, sophisticated religious and political systems, monumental architecture, and the formation of states and empires.

Historians usually begin the story, of civilization with accounts of the world's first great writers and city-builders, the Sumerians. Because the Sumerians recorded ideas and sagas and listed the names of their rulers, we know more about them than about prehistoric about prehistoric peoples who left their legacy in stones, bones, and pottery.

With the ability to build cities and record thought came the ability to communicate ideas and innovations over vast reaches of time and space. Human beings—who had formerly taken hundreds of thousands of years to learn that a stone ax sharpened on both sides is more useful than an ax sharpened on one side—progressed rapidly from foot travel to horse drawn carts, and later, from railroads to airplanes. With these and thousands of other innovations, people came to live Longer, more comfortable lives.

Civilization also brought new ills to humanity. In the 20th century, it brought nuclear carfare global warming, and ozone depletion. More subtly, civilization removed human beings from regular encounters with the wonders of the natural world. Unlike people of modem civilizations primitive people lived close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. They locked at fire and the stars with awe and reverence. Civilization involves the ability to create a new political and cultural world. In the 19th century, the American writer, philosopher, and naturalist Henry David Thoreau noted that this artificial sphere separates humanity from primitive virtue. "Most of the luxuries, he argued, "and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." Thoreau believed that men and women should simplify their lives.

Even those ancient pioneers of civilization, the Greeks, mourned the lost innocence. They expressed this sense of regret in the story, of Prometheus and Pandora. Contrary, to the wishes of other Gods, Prometheus brought to humanity the gifts of fire, art, and science. The jealous gods were unwilling to allow men and women to enjoy, such blessings without cost, and so they sent Pandora to the world with a box containing disease, sorrow, and other evils.

Thus, human beings have viewed civilization as a mixed blessing. Civilized people have waged brutal wars, destroyed majestic forests, and persecuted religious minorities. But civilizations have also achieved wonders.

46. Which of the following represents civilization of people?

A) They build houses. B) They have societies.

C) They live in a group. D) They can write.

47. "Sumerians" in the second paragraph refers to ______.

A) a person B) a group of people

C) human beings D) prehistoric people

48. In paragraph 4, there is a sentence given by Henry. Thoreau, "Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." This sentence means ______.

A) Most luxuries and comforts are important and can improve the quality, of people's life.

B) Most luxuries rind comforts are not so important for they cannot improve the quality of people's life.

C) Most luxuries and comforts are not so necessary and also they prevent the progress of human beings

D) Most luxuries and comforts are too important to improve the quality of people's life

49. All tile following represent the negative side of civilization EXCEPT ______

A) chemical warfare B) the decrease of fresh air

C) greenhouse effect D) the nuclear plant

50. In the paragraph that follows this passage, the writer is going to discuss ______

A) the importance of civilization

B) the difference between civilization and culture

C) the positive aspect of civilization

D) the Greeks

Passage 3

One of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars, Hemingway in his early works depicted tile lives of two types of people. One type consisted of men and women deprived, by World War I, of faith in the moral values in which they had believed, and who lived with cynical disregard for anything but their own emotional needs. The other type were men of simple character and primitive emotions, such as prizefighters and bullfighters. Hemingway wrote of their courageous and usually futile battles against circumstances. His earliest works include the collections of short stories Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923), his first work; In Our time (1924),tales reflecting his experiences as a youth in the northern Michigan woods; Men without women(1927), a volume that included "The Killers," remarkable for its description of impending doom; and Winner Take Nothing (1933), stories characterizing people in unfortunate circumstances in Europe. The novel that established Hemingway's reputation. The Sun Also Rises (1926), is the story, of a group of morally irresponsible Americans and Britons living in France and Spain, members of the so-called lost generation of the post-world War I period. Hemingway's second important novel, A Farewell to Arms (1929), is the story, of a deeply moving love affair in wartime Italy between an American officer in the Italian ambulance service and a British nurse. The novel was followed by two nonfiction works, Death in the Afternoon (1932), prose pieces mainly about bullfighting; and Green, gills of Africa (1935), accounts of big-game hunting.

Hemingway's economical writing style often seems simple and almost childlike, but his method is calculated and used to complex effect. In his writing Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided describing his characters' emotions and thoughts directly. Instead, in providing the reader with the raw material of an experience and eliminating the authorial viewpoint. Hemingway made the reading of a text approximate the actual experience as closely as possible. Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity, in writing. He believed that a writer could treat a subject honestly only if the writer had participated in or observed the subject closely. Without such knowledge the writer's work would be flawed because the reader would sense the author's lack of expertise: In addition, Hemingway believed that an author writing about a familiar subject is able to write sparingly and eliminate a great deal of superfluous detail from the piece without sacrifleing the voice of authority. Hemingway's stylistic influence on American writers has been enormous. The success of his plain style in expressing basic. yet deeply felt, emotions contributed to the decline of the elaborate Victorian-era prose that characterized a great deal of American writing in the early 20th century. Many American writers have cited Hemingway as an influence on their own work.

51. The novel that brought Hemingway greatest fame________.

A) Three Stories and Ten Poems B) In Far Time

C) Men Without Women D) The Sun Also Rises

52 Which of the following can best describe Hemingway's writing style?

A) simple and precise B) bullfighting

C) superfluous D) complicated

53. According to this passage which of the following is the great contribution of Hemingway?

A) He introduced a new subject into literature.

B) His writing style influenced a group of American writers

C) He proved that one should write about details.

D) He said that writers should know what they are writing.

54. This passage is mainly, about Hemingway's ___________

A) life B) background

C) novels and writing style D) influence

55. The sentence. "Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity in writing".

"authenticity" is closest in meaning with

A) author's right B) credibility

C) authorization D) authorship

AD:氯气气体检测仪、探测器、报警器

Section B

Directions: After you have read the following passage write out a summary in English with about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary, on the Answer Sheet.

It is said that the public and Congressional concern. about deceptive packaging uproar started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10.5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Lze. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.

The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity, delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags. and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound quantities of break fast foods, cake mixes, etc. A study of drugstore and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible size and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles and tins are in use more same time and as the package journals show, week by week, there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work. and net weights hat are used for improving a product's market position.

When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply tile price of hard sweets by 2.5,from I dollar to 2.50 dollars by changing to a fancy jar, or that he had made a 5-ounce bottle look as though it held 8 ounces, he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensive luxury. It evidently does come high. when an average family pays about 200 dollars a year for bottles, cans, boxes, jars and other containers, most of which can't be used for anything but stuffing the garbage can.

注：请将概要用英文写在答题纸上。

Section C

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer these questions in English and then put them on the Answer Sheet.

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival or the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-reined at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.

The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central - usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy.

While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is tip and running at capacity and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with he equipment can be employed. Tine result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.

注：请将答案用英文写在答题纸上。

56. What does the management of human resources in American companies think about employees skill training?

57. What is the position of the head of human-resource. management in an American firm?

58. money most American firms put in training mainly goes to ______.

59. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive advantage is ______.

60. What is the main idea of the passage?

Part IV Writing (15%) (请将作文用英文写在答题纸上)

Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition on the title of "Two Important Possible Changes. Which May Occur In Higher Education in China in the 2lst Century" with no less than 150 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese.

1.21世纪高等教育在社会发展中将起到更为重要的作用。

2.在21世纪高等教育将会发生许多变化（举两例说明）

3.你对这些变化的认识及看法。

（完）

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-5-17 21:40:44编辑过]

华东理工大学博士生入学考试（样卷）

Listening Comprehension 20% Section A Directions: You will hear a conversation in which a customer complains about various things and respective solutions are offered. Listen to it and fill out the table with the information you’ve heard for questions 1-5. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only one word in each numbered box on the ANSWER SHEET. The conversation will be read twice.. The Man’s Experience place 1 purpose Borrow 2 consequence the exit gate won’t open reason books hadn’t been 3 man’s feeling 4 woman’s comment 5 Section B Directions: You will hear a talk about sleeping time. For questions16-20, complete the sentences and answer the questions while you listen. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. 6. How many hors do people falsely believe they should sleep at night? ______________________________ 7. What may be the real cause of poor performance in the following day after poor sleep? ______________________________ 8. What may the word “insomnia” probably mean in the passage? ______________________________ 9. Recent studies at sleep clinics yielded the real causes of insomnia and _____________________________. 10. If the patient suffering from insomnia came to Dr. James, he would probably not be recommended to _____________________________. Section C Directions: You will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark a ‘ ? ’ in the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET. Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard. 11. A. To find out whether they take music lessons in their spare time. B. To find out whether they can name four different musical instruments. C. To find out whether they enjoy playing musical instruments in school. D. To find out whether they differ in their preference for musical instruments. 12. A. They find them too hard to play. B. They think it silly to play them. C. They find it not challenging enough to play them. D. They consider it important to be different from girls. 13. A. Children who have private music tutor. B. Children who are 8 or older. C. Children who are between 5 and 7. D. Children who are well-educated. Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard. 14. Specialists are often needed in the following careers EXCEPT _____. A. engineering B. administration C. statistical D. teaching 15. Which of the following is NOT the features of generalists? A. They deal with people. B. They are “educated” men. C. Their concern is with techniques and tools. D. Their strongest foundation is based on humanities. 16. The most striking method the speaker adopts in illustrating specialists and generalists is _____. A. exemplification B. exaggeration C. summary D. comparison Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard. 17. What aspect of students housing does the talk focus on? A. The cost of students housing. B. The method used to assign housing. C. Possibilities for off-campus housing. D. The impact of dormitory repairs on the housing situation. 18. Why do the students attending the meeting need the information that is given? A. They haven’t selected housing before. B. They haven’t lived off campus before. C. They are going to have part-time jobs in the housing office. D. They are training to become resident advisers in dormitories. 19. Who is not expected to participate in the housing lottery? A. Third-year students. B. Students with lower roommates. C. Students who want to liver off campus. D. Students living in North Campus dormitory 20. What special problem will affect housing next year? A. Some dormitories will be temporarily closed. B. The housing office will have fewer employees. C. Older students will no longer be allowed to live off campus. D. There will be an unusually large number of first-year students.

II. Vocabulary:10% 21. Mr. Bridges mentioned briefly several other subjects in the course of his talk but mostly kept himself to the main topic A. touched off B. touched down C. touched on D. touched up

22. Ted got a better job and left the school before Mrs. Wolcox had him expelled. A. disgraced B. degraded C. executed D. ejected

23. Realizing that many readers find long descriptive passages uninteresting, Bruce began his story with an exciting conflict. A. melancholy B. tedious C. incredible D. offensive

24. One of Nike’s founders, Phillip Hampson Knight had been a top athlete when he was at the University of Oregon and he moved on to become a student at Stanford Business School, but retained his interest in sport. A. remained B. preserved C. continued D. restrained

25. A haphazard knowledge of several styles of a language may be worse than useless if we do not know the type of occasion on which each is appropriate or if we do not know when we are sliding from one of another. A. causal B. disorganized C. systematic D. unplanned

26. I contend, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but of love. A. respectation B. possession C. dominance D. destruction

27. Recent border confrontations between the two countries lead credence to the rumors of an impending war. A. conflicts B. consequences C. conferences D. enterprises

28. You may make good grades by studying only before examinations, but you will succeed eventually only by studying hard every day. A. in due course B. in the long run C. in the main D. in the first place

29. Gaining acknowledgement from fellow workers and managers gives a person a sense of importance in society. A. admittance B. permission C. recognition D. denial

30. You should be relieving me of duty at 10:30, but don’t hurry if it’s inconvenient; I’ll hang on till you arrive. A. turn on B. look over C. keep on D. take over

31. Before sitting for the entrance examination for post-graduate students, many candidates try to familiarize themselves with the formula of the exam by doing _____ tests. A. imitated B. simulated C. stimulated D. illustrated

32. Mary and John took a long time in saying good night in order to postpone the ___ of parting. A. jealousy B. relief C. anguish D. appreciation

33. James is very set in his ways, but Mark has a more ___ attitude to life. A. tolerant B. flexible C. cautious D. defensive

34. He was so mean that he couldn’t bear to ___ the smallest sum of money for the charity appeal. A. let out B. pay up C. give in D. part with

35. Some one has said that a man’s history begins about one hundred and fifty years before his birth, or words ___ . A. in any case B. to that effect C. in a sense D. to the contrary

36. It is reported that a conference on world communications and transportation will be ___ by the British government next month. A. subscribed to B. given out C. presided over D. put on

37. Mario was awarded the medal for ‘displaying professional ___ of the highest order in the rescue attempts two weeks ago. A. solution B. supervision C. intelligence D. competence

38. The birchbark canoe is not as ___ as it appears; it is built to withstand long journeys over rough waters. A. solid B. fragile C. tough D. sturdy

39. Coach Green allowed John to join the basketball team although, ___, he was not tall enough. A. economically B. technically C. methodically D. intellectually

40. Mrs Smith thought her children went to the movies; ___ , they went to the zoo. A. in general B. or rather C. on the contrary D. so to speak

III. Reading Comprehension: 1 Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic. And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960sa new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery.

The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Light. As we all know, light is hot; any source of light---from the sun itself down to a humble match burning---will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam.

Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no stitches (刀口缝合), no unwanted damage--a true surgical wonder.

Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried.

The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically. 41.Up until the 1960s the instruments used to perform surgical operations were ___ . A. fashionable B. extraordinary C. special D. basic

42.After the development of the laser in the 1960s, we find that ___ . A. medical help became available for industrial workers. B. the study of art went through a complete revolution. C. more and more surgeons began using surgical instruments. D. man's whole approach to surgery changed completely

43.The laser beam is so strong because ___ . A. it is composed of a concentrated beam of light B. its heat is increased by the heat of the sun C. it can be plugged into an ordinary light fitting D. it sends out heat in many different directions

44.Surgeons can now carry out operations which ___ . A. can be performed successfully only on the human eye B. result in long periods of recovery time for patients C. are made much more complicated by using the laser beam D. result in very little damage to the patients themselves

45.The rapid development of laser techniques has meant that ___ . A. in another ten years we shall be able to cure cancer B. surgery is likely to improve considerably C. we shall be able to treat all the diseases we suffer from D. we are now able to treat most forms of cancer

2 In 1885 Owen Wister (1850-1938) recorded that "it won't be a century before the West is simply the true America, with thought, type, and life of its own" and he wanted "to be the hand that once, for all, chronicled and laid bare the virtues and the vices of this extraordinary phase of American social progress." He never became that self-envisioned Tolstoi of the old West, but in 1902 The Virginian was published. It won instant success and skyrocketed its author to fame. It is still the most popular "Western" novel ever published and the master design for the fiction of the Wild West.

The Virginian established a literary form, a formula popularly known as "horse opera", whose conventions, cliches, and values have reappeared in novels and short stories, in movies and television serials, ever since. The romantic cowboy is the hero and gentleman, one of those "good men in the humbler walks of life", who seems through shams, defends justice and a lady's honor, shoots it out with the villain and conquers evil. Because of the Virginian, Wister created a character who is the original type for the Western folk hero. He represents the embodiment of certain American ideals --- a man who is equal to all occasions, who shows independence of action, a man who keeps his word who is "a broad-guage fellow living among narrow-guage folk". But the literary device and cowboy code which Wister established dictated that the hero must kill the bad man. This necessity for sanctioning murder and romanticizing of the cowboy as a gentleman prohibited. The Virginian and the genre it created from becoming serious fiction, or even an authentic product of the western experience. Instead of achieving his ambition, therefore, Wister gave us a sort of American folk epic, the cowboy story. 46.Owen Wister believed ___ . A. the way of life in the West in 1885 was a passing phase b. the cowboy in 1885 symbolized the typical American male. C. the West would be always isolated from the rest of the country by its moral code. D. none of these.

47.The reference to Wister as a self-envisioned Tolstoi implies that ___ . A. The Virginian is as great a novel as War and Peace B. Wister underestimated himself as an author C. Wister wanted to be a writer of light novels D. as Tolstoi had laid bare the virtues and vices of Russian society, so Wister would do for the society of the American West.

48.Stylistically, The Virginian is noted for the fact that it ___ . A. was written according to a pre-established formula. B. established the formula known as "horse opera". C. followed the literary conventions of the day. D. abandoned American conventions in favor of foreign ones.

49. The popularity which was accorded The Virginian indicates that Wister ___ . A. realized his stated ambition B. gave us an authentic account of the western experience C. became the American Tolstoi D. had written an account of the cowboy which appealed to American aspirations 50.The author of the article believes that ___ . A. The Virginian did not deserve the success it won B. Wister made a definite contribution to American literature C. Wister was a hack B. cowboy stories should be considered serious fiction

3 Death comes quickly in the mountains. Each winter holiday makers are caught unawares as they happily ski away from the fixed runs, little realizing that a small avalanche can send them crashing in a bone-breaking fall down the slope and leave them buried under tons of crisp white snow. There are lots of theories about how to avoid disaster when hit by an avalanche. Practice is normally less cheerful.

The snow in the Salzburg of Austria where a recent disaster took place was typical avalanche material. For several days before the incident I had skied locally. Early winter snow was wearing thin and covered with ice. On top of that new, warmer flakes were gently falling to produce a dangerous carpet. To the skier who enjoys unmarked slopes it is tempting stuff, deep new power snow on a hard base---the skiing that dreams are made of. And sometimes nightmares.

Snow falls in sections like a cake. Different sections have different densities because of the temperatures at the time of the fall and in the weeks afterwards. Problems come when any particular section is too thick and not sticking to the section beneath. The snow of the past few weeks had been falling in rather higher temperatures than those of December and early January. The result of these conditions is that even a slight increase in the temperatures sends a thin stream of water between the new snow and the old. Then the new snow simply slides off the mountain.

Such slides are not unexpected. Local citizens know the slopes which tend to avalanche and the weather in which such slides are likely. Traps are set to catch the snow or prevent it slipping; bombs are placed and exploded from time to time to set off small avalanches before a big one has time to build up; and above all, skiers are warned not to ski in danger areas.

In spite of this, avalanches happen in unexpected areas and, of course, skier ignore the warnings. The one comfort to recreational skiers, however, is that avalanche incidents on the marked ski slopes are quite rare. No ski resort wants the image of being a death trap.

51.Each winter holiday makers in the mountains come face to face with death because ___ . A. they fail to realize how dangerous avalanches can be B. they are not expert enough at skiing on the fixed runs C. they are trying to avoid areas where avalanches happen D. they ski great distances down the mountainsides

52. According to the writer, skiing conditions in the Salzburg area of Austria before the accident happened were ___ . A. perfect for the inexperienced skier B. unsafe because the new snow was covered with ice C. typical of conditions resulting in avalanches D. suitable only for skiing locally

53. It would appear from the text that avalanches are brought about because ___ . A. a particular section of snow is not thick enough B. there is a slight fall in the temperature C. heavy snowfalls turn into rain D. the ice between different sections of snow melts

54. In areas where avalanches are known to happen ___ . A. local residents stay indoors when the weather is bad B. measures are taken to prevent serious avalanches C. small avalanches can easily be prevented D. skiers form themselves into a wall to keep the snow in position

55.Although accidents do happen, skiers will be reasonably safe if ___ . A. they stay on the officially approved slopes B. they ski only for pleasure C. they ski only at resorts D. they choose less crowded ski slopes

4 The English, as a race, are very different from all other nationalities, including their closest neighbors, the French, Belgians and Dutch. It is claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons, it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed many attitudes and habits which distinguish him from other nationalities.

Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. In the presence of strangers or foreigner she often seems inhibited, even embarrassed. You have only to witness a city train any morning or evening to see the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or having a light sleep in a corner; no one speaks. In fact, to do so would seem most unusual. An Englishman, pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors, once suggested, "On entering a railway carriage shake hands with all the passengers." Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately suspect.

In many parts of the world it is quite normal to show openly extremes of enthusiasm, emotion, excitement, etc., often accompanied by appropriate gestures. The Englishman is somewhat different. Of course, an Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality, but he tends to display his feelings far less. This is reflected in his use of language. Imagine a man commenting on the great beauty of a young Girl. Whereas a more emotional man might describe her as "an excellent jewel", "extremely beautiful", "precious", the Englishman will flatly state "Um, she's all right". An Englishman who has seen a highly successful and enjoyable film recommends it to a friend by commenting, "It's not bad, you know," or on seeing very unusual scenery he might convey his pleasure by saying, "Nice, yes, very nice." The overseas visitor must not be disappointed by this apparent lack of interest and involvement; he must realize that "all right", "not bad", and "nice", very often have the sense of "first-class", "excellent", "beautiful". This special use of language, particularly common in England, is known as restrained statement. 56. From the passage people can infer that the English are different from other nationalities mainly in ___ . A. taste B. character C. the principle of behavior D. all aspects

57.If one doesn't want to be suspected in public, he had better A. behave relaxed ___ . B. shake hands with all people he meets C. talk with others D. keep quiet

58.The word "inhibited" most nearly means ___ . A. friendly B. polite C. afraid D. restrained

59. According to the passage, the Englishman ___ . A. has less feelings than other nationalities B. has emotions as deep as any other nationalities C. expresses emotion by use of his language D. likes to have a joke with foreign visitors

60.An Englishman's saying "all right" usually has the sense of ___ . A. "not bad" B. "quite right" C. "fairly good" D. "very good" IV. Translation 10% Directions: Translate the following part into Chinese. Historically, Jeep's reputation as a go-anywhere vehicle dates back to the Second World War when the original Jeeps, supplied by the Willys company, carried Allied forces through the Pacific and Europe. The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring says the mane Jeep stemmed from the United States Army's decision to call the vehicle GP, for General Purpose vehicle. The name was eventually corrupted to "jeep," from the pronunciation of the letters GP, and became a trademark owned by the Willy company. Jeep became part of Chrysler in 1988 and the company has since spent a lot of money to revitalize the Jeep production facilities, and to increase the number and style of models available. Chrysler says the Jeep's wartime reputation and rugged image undoubtedly helped it to carve out a new role in peacetime as a recreational vehicle. It says the Jeep created the original market for recreational, off-road vehicles using the powerful four-wheel drive traction (known commercially as 4 WD) for which the army jeep was famous.

V. Writing 20% Directions: For this part , you are required to write a composition of about 200 words on the topic How To Solve The Energy Problem. You must base your composition on the following outline: (Write your composition on the Answer Sheet) 1.Energy is one of the biggest problems most concerned by the people. 2.One of the solution to the problem is severe conservation of natural resources. 3.The best way to solve the problem is develop new sources of energy.

ANSWER SHEET I. Listening Comprehension20% 1.___________ 2.__________ 3.___________ 4.___________ 5.___________

6._____________________________ 7.________________________________ 8._____________________________ 9.________________________________ 10______________________________

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 A B C D

II. Vocabulary 10% 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A B C D

III. Reading Comprehension 20% 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 A B C D

IV. Translation 10%

V. Writing 20%

Key I. listening Comprehension 1. library 2. books 3. demagnetized 4. embarrassed 5. interesting 6. Eight. 7. Stress and worry. 8. Sleeping poorly. 9. its solutions. 10. take sleeping pills. 11-13 DAB 14-16 BCD 17-20 BACA II. Vocabulary 21- 30 CDBCB DADCC 31-40 BCBDB CDBBC III. Reading Comprehension 41-45 DDADB 46-50 DDBDB 51-55 ACDBA 56-60 BDDBD IV. Translation 在历史上，吉普车以其能适应各种路况的出众性能而著称于世。这种美名可以追溯到二战期间，当时由威利斯公司提供的最初型号的吉普车载着盟军部队驰骋于太平洋沿岸及欧洲战场。 《麦氏汽车驾驶大全》一书认为，“吉普”这个名字起源于美国军队决定把这种车辆叫做GP（for General Purpose）即多功能车之意。而后，GP这两个字母的读音被误发成为“吉普”，并成为威利斯公司享有的商标名称。 1988年吉普为克莱斯勒公司所有，此后该公司投入了大量资金更新改造吉普车的生产设备，提高吉普车的产量并开发各种新车型应市。克莱斯勒公司称吉普车在战争年代享有的盛名以及其坚固耐用的形象无疑会有助于它在和平时期树立其作为休闲娱乐车的新形象。该公司说，吉普为休闲，越野车开发了新市场，它有强劲的4轮牵引装置（商业上称为4轮驱动），过去军用吉普车曾因此而享誉四方。 V. Writing How To Solve The Energy Problems Energy is one of the biggest problems people are faced with today. Not a few far-sighted people point out that our natural resources are very much limited. If we keep consuming our resources at the present rate, they warn, the world will soon be running out of oil, coal and metals and this will certainly lead to a serious energy crisis threatening mankind’s survival. The majority of the world’s people have responded with a clamor for more severe conservation of our natural resources. This is urgently necessary, indeed. It must be realized that much of our energy, in the form of oil, coal, gas, or electricity, has been wantonly consumed. If things go on like this, we will leave for our descendants a devastated world, a vast stretch of wasteland. So, from now on, we will have to make serious efforts to practise economy in using energy and cut down waste of any form so as to slow down the present drain on our limited resources. But conservation alone is not all the answer. The best way to solve the energy problem is, I think, to develop new sources of energy. It is obvious that, even if we save much energy by using it carefully, our natural resources, however abundant, will run out ultimately. And when they are unexplored areas seems to be the only way out of our predicament.

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中国科技大学2005年生物化学与分子生物学考博试题

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