Passage One

In Japan, some people play golf on weekends and some form long lines in the Ginza district to watch first-run foreign films. A knowing few go to the barbershop.

A trip to a Japanese barbershop is an odyssey into the country's economic miracle, a glimpse at the same attention to detail that has made "Japan Inc." the envy of the capitalist world.

It is more than simply getting a haircut. Customers go to escape the hustle and bustle of Tokyo's frenetic pace. They go to complain about local politics and catch up on the latest neighborhood scuttlebutt.

But most of all, they go to be cranked up high in the barber's chair, to assume for at lest one precious moment – regardless of their walk of life---that honorific stature uniquely revered in Japan: that of okyakusama, or customer.

So going to the barbershop here is an outing . The object is not to get it over with as quickly as possible, American-style, but to prolong the treatment and bask in its sensual pleasures.

No one understands this better than Tanaka-san, who runs a state-of-the-art barbershop just up the street from where I live, in the Minami Azabu district. Like much else in Japan, Mr. Tankaka's shop has only recently gone upscale.

Last year, he sold his small, old shop, located a few blocks from the new one, for a cool $15.3 million. With typical Japanese foresight for investing for the long pull, Mr. Tanaka plowed the proceeds into his spanking new premises.

Mr. Tanaka, 54, has been in the barbering business for 38 years. Back in 1950, he charged only 35 yen --- not much compared with the 3,200 yen he receives today for a cut and shampoo. At today's exchange rates, $22 for a haircut might seem expensive, but I think it's one of the best deals in town.

You always have to wait in line at Mr. Tanaka's shop : He doesn't take reservations because he doesn't need to. But when your time comes, Mr. Tanaka directs you to the seat of honor.

Soon his wife is feverishly shampooing your hair, massaging your scalp with a special brush. While she scrubs, Mr. Tanaka is busy at the next chair, applying the finishing snips and snaps to another client. This tag-team approach keeps the shop running at full capacity.

Mr. Tanaka typically spends about 45 minutes cutting your hair, scrutinizing the symmetry of the sideburns with the utmost care. His cutting skills are superb, but it is in conversation that he truly excels. He knows when to talk, when to listen and when to utter the drawn-out guttural grunt of approval so common in Japanese. These insightful yet subtle dialogues with his clients create the cornerstone of Mr.Tanaka's thriving business: the repeat customer, every retailer's dream.

For the rare client not "hooked" by pleasant conversation , Mrs. Tanaka's shaving technique, with a straight-edged razor, is the showstopper. First, she places a hot towel over your face, then wipes your face with moisturizing oil.

She applies another hot towel to remove the oil and lathers you up with warm shaving cream. Finally, she methodically spends fifteen minutes shaving off every last whisker---including any stray hairs that might have found their way to your forehead or earlobes. The oil and hot-towel procedure is repeated and the reclining customer is gently coaxed into returning to earth.

Foreign businessmen trying to figure our what makes Japan's economy so successful might do well to visit a Japanese barbershop. Impeccable service isn't extra here, it's included the price of admission.

61. An attention to detail has made "Japan Inc."

A. a good place for tourists

B. a land of many barbershops

C. a prosperous economic power

D. a famous resort

62. In Japanese barbershops, barbers

A. rush customers out

B. never talk about politics

C. talk with customers and work leisurely

D. are rather impatient with customers

63. Relaxation and sensual pleasure are

A. admitted goals of customers

B. not possible in the busy atmosphere

C. not appreciated by hurried customers

D. not available to customers

64. Because Mr. Tanaka's shop is s popular,

A. reservations are required

B. people wait in line

C. he is opening another new store

D. he becomes famous for that

65. Not only is Mr. Tanaka a good barber, but he is also

A. skilled at conversation

B. an expert in shaving techniques

C. a local politician

D. a psychologist

Passage Two

Mincerva was the goddess of wisdom, but on one occasion she did a very foolish thing; she entered into competition with Juno and Venus for the prize of beauty. It happened thus: At the nuptials of Peleus and Theetis all the gods were invited with the exception of Eris, or Discord. Enraged at her exclusion, the goddess threw a golden apple among the guests, with the inscription (题词), "For the fairest." Thereupon Juno, Venus, and Minerva each claimed the apple. Jupiter, not willing to decide in so delicate a matter, sent the goddesses to Mount Ida, where the beautiful shepherd Paris was tending his flocks, and to him was committed the decision. The goddesses accordingly appeared before him. Juno promised him power and riches, Minerva glory and renown in war, and Venus the fairest of women his wife, each attempting to bias his decision in her own favor. Paris decided in favour of Venus and gave her the golden apple, thus making the two other goddesses his enemies. Under the protection of Venus, Paris sailed to Greece, and was hospitably received by Menelaus. king of Sparta. Now Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was the very woman whom Venus had destined for Paris, the fairest of her sex. She had been sought as a bride by numerous suitors, and before her decision was made known, they all, at the suggestion of Ulysses, one of their number, took an oath that they would defend her from all injury and avenge her cause if necessary. She chose Menelaus, and was living with him happily when Paris became their guest . Paris aided by Venus, persuaded her to elope （私奔）with him, and carried her to Troy, whence arose the famous Trojan war, the theme of the greatest poems of antiquity, those of Homer and Virgil.

AD:氯气气体检测仪、探测器、报警器

Menelaus called upon his brother chieftains（首领） of Greece to fulfill their pledge, and join him in his efforts to recover his wife. They generally came forward, but Ulysses, who had married Penelope, and was very happy in his wife and child, had no disposition to embark in such a troublesome affair. He therefore hung back and Palamedes was sent to urge him. When Palamedes arrived at Ithaca Ulysses pretended to be mad. He yoked （用牛轭套住）an ass and an ox together to the plough and began to sow salt. Palamedes, to try him, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough, whereupon the father turned the plough aside, showing plainly that he was no madman, and after that could no longer refuse to fulfill his promise. Being now himself gained for the undertaking, he lent his aid to bring in other reluctant chiefs, especially Achilles. This hero was the son of that Thetis at whose marriage the apple of Discord had been thrown among the goddesses. Thetis was herself one of the immortals, a sea-nymph (海仙女), and knowing that her son was fated to perish before Troy if he went on the expedition, she endeavoured to prevent his going . She sent him away to the court of King Lycomedes, and induced him to conceal himself in the disguise of a maiden among the daughters of the king. Ulysses, hearing he was there, went disguised as a merchant to the palace and offered for sale female ornaments, among which he had placed some arms. While the king's daughters were engrossed with the other contents of the merchant' s pack, Achilles handled the weapons and thereby betrayed himself to the keen eye of Ulysses, who found no great difficulty in persuading him to disregard his mother's prudent counsels and join his countrymen in the war.

66. Bulfinch describes Jupiter as unwilling to “decide in so delicate a matter” (lines 6), implying

that

A. Jupiter is usually heavy-handed

B. any decision is bound to offend someone

C. Jupiter to overly sensitive.

D. the problems are so obscure that no one can judge them.

67. The word disposition (line 22) is used to mean

A. inclination

B. nature

C. integrity

D. value

68. The sowing of salt is used by Bulfinch to show

A. Ulysses's attempt to be found insane

B. the difficulty of cultivating in rocky soil

C. how the tears of the gods created the sea

D. the god's punishment of those who disobey them

69. Bulfinch reveals that Thetis is a sea-nymphy in order to explain

A. why she married Peleus

B. why she dislikes the idea of war

C. the effect of the apple of Discord

D. her ability to predict the future

70.. Among the chieftains of Greece apparently are

A. Juno, Venus, and Minerva

B. Paris and Lycomedes

C. Ulysses, Achilles, and Menelaus

D. Eris and Thetis

Passage Three

On the whole, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has always treated Mars with respect. American spacecraft have flown by, orbited and even landed on the Red Planet. What they've never done is wound it. If scientists ever hope to understand Mars fully, however, they are going to have to puncture the dry Martian crust to sample the planetary pulp below. Next week NASA will launch a ship that will begin that process.

The first ship of the two-spacecraft mission --- set to fly Dec. 10---is the Mars Climate Orbiter. Arriving in September 1999, the spacecraft will enter an orbit of the planet that traces a path over the Martian poles, allowing it to study the local atmosphere. Its orbit will position it perfectly to act as a relay satellite for any later ship that may land on the surface. That’s a good thing, since three weeks or so after the orbiter leaves Earth, NAS will launch another spacecraft, the more ambitious Mars Polar Lander.

A spindly machine standing 107 cm tall, the lander is set to arrive in December 1999, aiming to touch down near Mars’ south pole, one of the few sports on the freeze-dried planet that is likely to contain some water. Just before reaching the Martian atmosphere, the lander will release a pairs of tapered pods(锥形分离舱) , each about the size of a basketball, made of brittle silica. Plunging ahead of the ship , the projectiles will free-fall to the surface and strike the ground at 650 km/h.

The pods are designed to shatter on impact, releasing a pair of 18-cm probes. Slamming into the surface, the probes are supposed to drive themselves 120 cm into the Martian crust. Once buried, they will deploy tiny drills and begin sampling the chemical makeup of the soil around them. Scientists believe that chemistry could be remarkably rich. "The surface of Mars has been pretty well sterilized(消毒) by ultraviolet radiation," says Sam Thurman, the missions flight-operations manager.

Only minutes after the probes hit the ground, the lander will follow, descending by parachute and braking engine. Bristling with cameras and sensors, it will study Mars' terrain and weather, snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface. It will also carry a microphone to record for the first time the sound of the Martain wind. More important, the ship will be equipped with a robotic arm and scoop , much like the arms carried aboard the Viking landers in the 1970s. Unlike the Vikings, though, which were able to paw just a few feeble cm into the Martian topsoil, the new ship will dig out a trench nearly 90 cm deep.

How long all this otherworldly hardware will operate is uncertain. The probes, powered by batteries, should wink out within three days. The lander, with robust solar panels to keep it humming, could last three months. But even if the systems do not survive that long, their work could be profound. After all, scientists have spent years studying just the Martian skin; this will be their first chance to dig a little deeper.

71. We learn from the first paragraph that, in order to have a thorough knowledge of Mars, we

need ___.

A. to treat Mars with more respect than ever

B. to have more spacecraft orbit the Red Planet

C. to protect the Red Planet more carefully and not to wound it

D. to penetrate the crust of the Red Planet to take Martian samples

72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. The spacecraft that is to arrive in September 1999 contains a pair of tapered pods.

B. Mars Polar Lander will carry out more important missions than Mars Climate Orbiter.

C. The difference between Viking landers and Mars Polar Lander is that the former was unable

to land on Mars.

D. The mission of Mars Climate Orbiter is to study the local atmosphere and Mars terrain,

snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface.

73. The primary purpose of the passage is to ___.

A. stress the importance of exploring Mars

B. outline the general features of Mars

C. describe in detail the way of landing of Mars Polar Lander

D. introduce the mission of the two spacecraft which are due to launch in 1999.

74. We learn from the passage that ___.

A. Mars Climate Orbiter will serve as a space base for any later ship that may land on the

surface of Mars

B. Mars' south pole is more likely to contain life because it contains water

C. Mars Polar Lander will strike the surface of Mars at 650 km/h

D. the chemical makeup of the soil on the surface of Mars will be similar to that of the earth

75. From the context, we can infer the meaning of "bristling" (line 2, para. 4 ) may be ___.

A. abundant in B. sending out

C. reacting D. taking up

Passage Four

An outsider approaches the subject lively, lest civic(市民的；城市的) feelings be bruised. Los Angeles gives the impression of having erased much of its history by allowing the city's development to run unchecked. Insiders like Dolores Hayden...pull no punches: "It is...common," she wrote, "for fond residents to quote Gertrude Stein's sentence about Oakland when summing up urban design in Los Angeles: "There's no there, there.'" Hayden has also acknowledged that Los Angles is generally "the first (American city) singled out as having a problem about sense of place." Both statements come from a handsome brochure-cum-itinerary, drawn up by Hayden, Gail Dubrow, and Carolyn Flynn to introduce The Power of Place, a local nonprofit group with a mission to retrieve some of the city's misplaced" there."

Founded by Hayden in 1982, The Power of Place lays special emphasis on redressing an imbalance in memory---and memorials. As Hayden has pointed out, in 1987 less than half the population of Los Angeles was Anglo-American; yet almost 98 percent of the city's cultural historic landmarks were devoted to the history and accomplishments of Anglo-Americans. Even these personages(名人，要人) come from a narrow spectrum of achievers---in Hayden's phrase, "a small minority of landholders, bankers, business leaders, and their architects" ----almost all of whom were male...

The likeliest explanation for this under-representation may be an urban variation on the great-man theory of history: History is what public figures do, and by their civic monuments shall you know them ---especially the structures they designed or built. In Hayden's view, however, "The task of choosing a past for Los Angeles is a political as well as historic and cultural one, " and the unexamined preference for architecture as the focus of historic preservation efforts can slight less conscious but perhaps equally powerful human forces. Hayden's goal has been to supplement the city's ample supply of mono-cultural landmarks and memorials with others representing its ethnic and gender-based diversity. Accordingly, some sites need new status as official land-marks, others need reinterpretation. Other sites no longer contain structures emblematic(作为标志的) of their histories or are located in blighted neighborhoods; these do not readily lend themselves to resuscitation (复兴)through renovation and commercial development , as preservationists have managed elsewhere.

The Power of Place has identified nine places on which to concentrate in the first phase of its work: development of a walking tour of little-known Los Angeles sites, for which The Power of Place brochure serves as a guide.

The Power of Place brochure concludes its summary of what is known about each stop on the walking tour with a postscript（附言）called Placemaking, which describes the site's current status and suggests ways to make it more smelling of its past. For the vineyard/grove complex, the current situation is not unusual: "Present uses...are commercial and industrial." Then comes word of what seems to be a minor miracle: "One tall slender grapefruit free...has been preserved and relocated in the courtyard of the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center..." Suggestions for recapturing more of the past proposed by The Power of Place include returning orange trees to the Wolfskill site and installing historical markets on the Vignes site.

76. The author uses the phrase "civic feelings" (line 1 ) to mean the

A. loyalty or faith of a city's residents to their city

B. emotions that breed courtesy and good behavior

C. respect for each other shown by people who think of themselves as civilized

D. defensiveness that city residents sometimes.

77. What is the danger of allowing the development of Los Angeles to "run unchecked"? (line 3 )

A. The roadways will become overrun with traffic.

B. Developers will use up all suitable farming land.

C. Smog will become an even bigger environmental concern.

D. Much of the city's cultural history will be lost to modernization.

78. With which of the following statements about the people memorialized by most existing Los

Angeles monuments would Dolores Hayden be most likely to agree?

I. They were usually of a higher social class than were the people highlighted by The Power

of Place

II. Their accomplishments are more conspicuous than are those of the people highlighted by

The Power of Place.

III. They made greater contributions to the economic development of Los Angeles than did

the people highlighted by The Power of Place.

A. I only

B. I, II, and III

C. I and III

D. I and II

79. Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes Hayden's view on historic

preservation, as those views are described in the passage?

A. Political and economic considerations should have no place in the designation of cultural

and historic landmarks

B. Plants and other natural phenomena make better historic landmarks than do buildings and

other human artistic works.

C. Some parts of history cannot be memorialized in surviving buildings and landmarks, so

new ways must be found to more fully recapture the past.

D. The homes and workplaces of working people should be preserved whenever possible

because the history of working people is more important than that of so-called "great

men."

80. In the author's view, all of the following would most likely be undervalued cultural landmarks

EXCEPT:

A. trees growing naturally in this place

B. endangered species of animal and plant life

C. historic buildings in old and torn areas

D. city hall

Passage Five

Compared to animals, plants present unique problems in demographic studies. The idea of counting living individuals becomes difficult given perennials that reproduce vegetatively by sending out runners or rhizomes, by splitting at the stem base, or by producing arching canes that take root where they touch the ground. In these ways some individuals, given sufficient time, can extend out over a vast area.

There are five typical plant life spans, and each has a basic associated life form. Annual plants live for 1 year or less. Their average life span is 1-8 months, depending on the species and on the environment where they are located (the same desert plant may complete its life cycle in 8 months one year, and in 1 month the next, depending on the amount of rain it receives). Annuals with extremely short life cycles are classified as ephemeral plants. An example of an ephemeral is Boerrhaviarepens of the Sahara Desert, which can go from seed to seed in just 10 days. Annuals are herbaceous, which means that they lack a secondary meristem that produces lateral, woody tissue. They complete their life cycle after seed production for several reasons: nutrient depletion, hormone changes, or inability of nonwoody tissue to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions following the growing season. A few species can persist for more than a year in uncommonly favorable conditions.

Biennial plants are also herbaceous, but usually live for 2 years. Their first year is spent in vegetative growth, which generally takes place more below ground than above. Reproduction occurs in the second year, and this is followed by the completion of the life cycle. Under poor growing conditions, or by experimental manipulation, the vegetative stage can be drawn out for more than 1 year.

Herbaceous perennials typically live for 20-30years, although some species have been known to live for 400-800 years. These plants die back to the root system and root crown at the end of each growing season. The root system becomes woody, but the above-ground system is herbaceous. They have a juvenile, vegetative stage for the first 2-8 years, then bloom and reproduce yearly. Sometimes they bloom only once at the conclusion of their life cycle. Because herbaceous perennials have no growth rings, it is difficult to age them. Methods that have been used to age them include counting leaf scars or estimating the rate of spread in tussock (clumped) forms.

Suffrutescent shrubs (hemixyles) fall somewhere between herbaceous perennials and true shrubs. They develop perennial, woody tissue only near the base of their stems; the rest of the shoots system is herbaceous and dies back each year. They are small, and are short-lived compared to true shrubs.

Woody perennials (trees and shrubs) have the longest life spans. Shrubs live on the average 30-50 years. Broadleaf trees (angiosperm) average 200-300 years, and conifer (needles) trees average 500-1000 years. Woody perennials spend approximately the first 10% of their life span in a juvenile, totally vegetative state before they enter a combined reproductive and vegetative state, achieving a peak of reproduction several years before the conclusion of their life cycle.

Regardless of the life span, annual or perennial, one can identify about eight important age states in an individual plant or population. They are: (1) viable seed, (2) seedling, (3) juvenile, (4) immature, (5) mature, (6) initial reproductive, (7) maximum vigor (reproductive and vegetative), and (8) senescent. If a population shows all eight states, it is stable and is most likely a part of a climax community. If it shows only the last four states, it may not maintain itself and may be part of a seral community.

81. The author believes that plants present "unique problems in demographic studies" (line 1)

because ________.

A. they cannot be aged accurately

B. it is difficult to define and identify an individual

C. many have very short lifespans

D. there has been little interest in such studies

82. The best definition of ephemeral (line 5 ) might be

A. resilient

B. short-lived

C. awkward

D. uncomplicated

83. Annual and perennial are names of

A. plant life spans

B. plant species

C. woody plants

D. plant age states

84. Paragraph 5 deals mainly with

A. suffrutescent shrubs

B. a form of tree shrub

C. a form of herbaceous perennial

D. a woody biennial

85. Which of the following is a woody perennial?

A. a tulip

B. a fern

C. a strawberry

D. an oak

V. Translation (25%)

A. There is a short English paragraph below. You are required to translate it into

Chinese on the Answer Sheet. (11%)

In the eighteenth century the word "revolution" came to have a new meaning. Traditionally it meant only a change in the composition of government and not necessarily a violent one. Observers could speak of a "revolution" occurring at a particular court when one minister replaced another. After 1789 this changed. People came to see that year as the beginning of a new sort of revolution, a real rupture with the past, characterized by violence, by limitless possibilities for fundamental change, social, political and economic, and began to think, too, that this new phenomenon might transcend national boundaries and have something universal and general about it. Even those who disagreed very much about the desirability of such a revolution could none the less agree that this new sort of revolution existed and that it was fundamental to the politics of their age.

It would be misleading to seek to group all the political changes of this period under the rubric of "revolution" conceived in such terms as these . But we can usefully speak of an "age of revolution" for two reasons.

B. Translate the following Chinese paragraph into English on the Answer Sheet.(14%)

当今，人们心中存在的末日感并不是出于对科学的恐惧，而是对战争的恐怕。科学并不是引发战争的原因，科学并未制造过战争，但它却使战争变得面目全非。科学扩大了战争的 机制，并扭曲了战争的形态。它从两个方面改变了战争。首先，科学显然成倍地增强了战争制造者的威力。现代武器与过去相比，杀伤力更强，手段更残忍。其次，科学为国家之间发生纷争提供了新的起因。科学创造了剩余财富(surplus)， 而战争正是靠这种剩余财富扩大升级（escalate) 。剩余财富不仅是某些国家孜孜以求的目标，而且也使他们能抽出时间进行军事训练，并向他们提供财力为战争进行装备。

VI. Writing （15%）

Please write a composition of about 200 words in English with the title given below:

Lessons learned from Such Plagues as SARS & AI

Answer Sheet

Paper Two

准考证号码 __________________姓 名 _________ 成绩 ______

V. Translation

A. Chinese Version

B. English Version

VI. Writing

Lessons learned from Such Plagues as SARS and AI

武汉大学2001比较文学与世界文学专题试题


一。20分。AB任选
A。莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态“外化”为舞台形象的？表现主义文学（如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》）又是如何系统的运用这类“外化”手法的？
B。以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例，谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的见解。（说明：不限于戏剧，也可以举小说等为例。）


二。30分。在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中，你对哪一部印象最深？描述你阅读它事的初始感受，然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思，剖析和评价。


三。20分。CD任选
C。结合具体的作家和作品，论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征。

D。从T。S。艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学“总体论”出发，结合其他西方学者的相关理论，论述民族文学，总体文学与比较文学的相互关系。


四。30分。古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了“迷狂说”。中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧浪诗话。诗辨》中提出了“妙悟说”。结合他们的具体论述，以“迷狂说与妙悟说”为题 ，从学说产生的时代与社会环境，诗任的创作过程，艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨析

中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学


中国科学院动物研究所生物化学1996年博士研究生入学试题

1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的特征，这些差别特征有哪些方面？并举例说明。
2 试述三种粘多糖的名称，在动物体内的主要分布，主要构成单糖及其它糖类。
3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系。
4 J. D. Watson因其证明DNA的双螺旋结构，曾与Crick共获诺贝尔奖。这位科学泰头在他后来一体名著中解释DNA形状时写过这样一段话："Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments"。你认为他在这里用configulation一词描述DNA的三维结构确切吗？为什么？（此段英原文不必译出，但须回答为什么，否则无分）


中国科学院动物研究所生物化学1998年博士研究生入学试题
一、 填充题
1 DNA具有的两个重要功能是 ，核糖体的功能是
2 逆转录酶是一种多功能酶，它兼有 指导的DNA聚合酶，
指导的DNA聚合酶。
3 能够用来将外源的DNA片段转移到活细胞内部的 、
或 统称为克隆载体。
4 绝大多数真核生物信使RNA3'端有 。
5 证明DNA是遗传信息携带者的科学家是 。
6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水解，碱水解引起 、 、 和
的破坏。
7 蛋白质的三维构象也称 或 。
8 生物膜主要是由 和 两大类物质组成，生物膜的基因结构形式是 。膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过 、 和 等方式进行。
9 1997年诺贝尔化学奖授予 ，主要是基于他们阐明了 反应机制
分子结构及 酶的作用机制。
10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自 和 。
11 糖蛋白的糖链，是由专一性很低强的 ，从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的。
二、解释名词和英文符号的科学含义
1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat
5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR
8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing

三、问答题
1 热力学第二定律证明任何体系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵，然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立起高度有序的结构，这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律？为什么？
2 回答下述问题是对或是错，假若是错请解释为什么？
1） 在底物饱和的条件下，酶的催化反应速率与酶浓度成比例。
2） 在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是，酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而下降。
3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义。
4 在静息态的神经细胞中，胞内外的K与Na浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大，此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差的总称是什么？假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化，其反应表示为
请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么？其意义何在？
5 举例简述对细胞中多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性。
6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)？请举例说明。
7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系。
8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein)比较重要的核蛋白体有那些？
9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称、化学组成及其生理意义。
10 什么是终止密码子，已知的终止密码了有那些？
11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手段，在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数？





中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学1999年博士研究生入学试题


一、 填充题
1 主动运输的主要特点是 、 、 、 、 。
2 辅酶中A分子中含有 、 、 、 。
3 线粒体DNA的复制方式是 ，其复制特点是 。
4 高能磷酸化物可分为 、 、 、 。
5 糖类物质是含 和 化合物；常见的糖有 和 ，它们分解后可分为 、 、 、 。
6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为 和 蛋白质，按生物功能可分为 、 、 、 、 。
7酶作为生物催化剂的特点是 、 、 、 、 。

二、解释基本概念
1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏
5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类
9 蜡 10 同工酶

三、问答题（任选7题）
1 试述逆转录酶的生物学意义。
2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡。
3 简述生物膜运送的分子机理。
4 写出20种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号。
5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含量的基本原理是什么？
6简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则。
7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原理。
8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式。
9 根据你的生理学、细胞生物学和分子生物学的知识，构思一实验方案，差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的特异功能基因。





中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学2000年博士研究生入学试题

一、 解释基本概念
1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶
5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶I和辅酶II 8 叶酸
9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素
13 脱氨基作用 14 转氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子
17 质粒 18基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体

二、回答问题（其中7、8两题任选一题）
1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能。
2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其在生物进化和生物功能中的意义。
3 RNA在那些类型？比较它们的结构与功能。
4 阐述生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制。
5 试述脂蛋白的种类、化学组成和生物功能。
6 说明真核生物的DNA聚合酶的种类及其生理功能。
7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和细胞核的相互关系。

复旦大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：新闻传播理论与历史

请回答下列问题：
一 简要概述中国加入WTO以后新闻媒体发展的基本态势。（35分）
二 简析社会生态变化对新闻传媒业发展的影响。（30分）
三 20世纪80年代以来，西方各国政府对传媒业先后采取放松管制的方针。简述放松管理方针实施以后，西方各国传媒业发生了哪些变化？（35分）

考试科目：新闻传播实务

一 论述题（每题20分，共60分）
1. 请联系新闻实践，分析记者公开（亮相）采访与隐性采访、事件性新闻采访与非事件性新闻采访的各自特点与长短处。
2. 我国改革开放以来，新闻报道方式发生哪些变化？
3. 试论电视新闻评论节目的特色与目前现状。
二 实务题（分别为5、15、20分，共40分）
根据下列记者采访的素材，进行以下实务操作：
1 制作一条新闻标题（两行题或三行题，5分）
2 改写一篇500字左右的动态消息（15分）
3 配写一篇600字以内的短评（20分）
素材附后：
“小煤矿挖断了我们的命根子。”今天上午在河南省汝州市小屯镇时屯村的村头，60多岁的老农时宝指着大片塌陷的农田向记者诉说“小煤矿之祸”：“俺镇这几年冒出来的76个小煤矿，乱采滥挖个个都是‘吃地虎’，挖坏农田，挖踏了村庄。”
记者放眼望去，汝平公路（汝州至平顶山）南侧100多亩农田像一个“盆子”，低于路面近一米。“盆子”里竟有四个小煤矿，两个废弃，两个正在兴建中。正在地里劳作的农民范锁说：“这地以前是亩产400公斤小麦的良田，被小煤矿挖踏后，亩产量不足150公斤。”
记者看到，一亩大小的麦地，竟然有十来道裂缝，范锁说：“下面越挖上面越裂，有时人走着走着，都要陷进去。这地现在都不能浇水，水都顺着地缝渗跑了。”
农民们为了自救，每年都要往地里垫土，垫玉米秆，可垫了又陷下去。现在，联合收割机进不到地里，农民只好改从“机收”退回到“手收”。农民姚俊伟说：“小煤矿矿主挖挖就跑，把钱挣走了，那祸害扔给俺。找矿上、找镇里都没人理，这笔账该算在谁头上？”
范湾村和李湾村位于姜公河两岸，两村间的大片塌陷的农田里，竟竖着十六七个插小红旗的矿井架。李湾村农民马留进说：以前大家都引姜公河水浇地，小煤矿挖了几年，把水源都挖没了，姜公河干了，连自家院里的井也干了，只能借水吃，夏天洗澡都得外出洗。
小煤矿采煤，是哪里有煤往哪里挖，小屯镇的一些小煤矿不顾国家有关规定，把矿道挖到了村庄下面，使农民的房屋裂缝、塌陷，危及生命财产安全。
范湾村村头20多米远就有一个小煤矿，自1999年以来，全村先后有20多户农民住房出现沉陷、裂缝。记者来到农民贾会议家，但见天井院下陷半尺多，三间堂屋屋体倾斜，屋里墙体多处裂缝，最宽的缝达20多厘米。由于无法居住，他们一家人只好搬到损坏程度相对较轻的东厢房住，把堂屋改称猪圈。贾会议说：“俺们省吃俭用了半辈子，盖了东厢房，本是给儿子结婚备的新房，如今新房也成了危房。”他们先后给儿子说了两门亲事，可人家来一看，都不愿意。
范湾村1993年曾修建一所小学，有一座两层小楼和一排平房，四间厕所。1999年以来，先是校园土地由南向北塌陷一米多，紧接着所有建筑物均出现裂缝，四间厕所倒塌。学校共有400多名学生，自2000年下半年开始，就无法在学校上课，其中100多名学生转学到外村，剩下的学生分散在大树下，村民家里上课，苦不堪言。
李湾村也是个“塌陷的村庄”，据当地群众讲，村庄底下已被小煤矿挖成了“老鼠洞”。记者走访了十几户群众，发现他们的房子已微若累卵。在村民王书安家，记者看到，房子多处裂缝，他找了六块木板撑着房顶。村民马留进家七间全是危房，由于地基不断下沉，家里的门已截短三回。从1999年起，李湾村村民同小煤矿打了官司，最终获赔30多万元，可分到户上，不过几个元，根本不够。村民们说：“俺村已没法住了，大家都想迁，可到处是小煤矿，往哪里搬？”
小屯镇企业管理办公室的张新坡告诉记者，去年以来，镇里对小煤矿进行整顿，已有一半停工，小煤矿挖坏耕地、群众房屋，镇里负不了责，是群众和小煤矿之间的事。目前，镇里正按河南省有关规定，给符合复工条件的停产小煤矿办复工手续。
平顶山市土地管理局负责人告诉记者，据测算，一个小煤窑，窑身占地10-15亩，在开采期限内每年造成4-8亩土地塌陷，这一比例，远远超过国有大煤矿。

2004年复旦新闻考博试题（2004/5/25）


复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：新闻传播理论与历史

论述题(共三题，一、三题各为35分，第二题30分，共100分)

一、美国便士报与我国都市报比较谈

二、“文化帝国主义”辨

三、我国传媒业“事业性质、企业管理”之我

——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：新闻业务

一、问答题(30分)
1、新闻界，人们常说：“编辑要乐为他人作嫁衣”、“编辑是一项再创造的工作”。请您谈谈对这两句新闻界“行话”的认识。(15分)
2、“策划”与“炒作”是当前新闻界经常用到的词，这两者在理论以及新闻工作的实际操作与信息传播效果上有何区别？(15分)

二、分析题(70分)
今年初，中国足球协会与《广州日报》旗下的《足球》报打了一场笔墨官司，引起了一场风波。新华网曾以《足协和足球报互不妥协》为题报道了这场风波。全国各地媒体也纷纷对这场风波表示了关注。请您就试题所提供的新华网消息等情况，从采编业务的角度谈谈对这场风波的看法，以及媒体对此类问题应该如何进行正确而有意义的引导。
(材料略)
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复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：传播实务

一、何谓“传媒市场的细分化”？试联系实际，论述其意义和影响。(20分)

二、从心理策略的角度，以实例说明、广告如何有效地吸引公众的注意？(20分)

三、试联系实际，试述“危机管理”的内涵、意义及组织落实的途径。(30分)

四、从研究方法和传播功效的角度，对以下报道进行评析。(30分)

请听听两个国家12至18岁青少年的梦想──
中国孩子憧憬未来
法国儿童享受现实
(正文略)
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复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：广播电视理论与实务

一、问答题(3题，每题10分，共30分)
1、从传播学与社会学角度看，节目主持人与播音员的主要差别在哪里？
2、如何评价中央电视台开播的新闻频道？
3、谈谈你对“电视作为艺术”的理解。

二、论述题(35分)
请论述2003年中国电视新闻改革的新特点、新理念、新趋势。

三、实践题(35分)
2004年新年刚过，中共中央、国务院就联合下发了“关于促进农民增加收入”的一号文件。中央电视台将就此事，专门制作一期30分钟的节目。请撰写一份拍摄该节目的“策划大纲”。策划内容涉及：
1、这档节目的样式和名称是什么？
2、整档节目的议题该如何设置？
3、准备如何表现？
4、你作为节目主持人，请写出开场白、串连词与结束语。

武汉大学2004年医学考博试题


消化内科试题
1 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因
2 IBD遗传易感性表现在那些方面
3 肝性胸水的发病机制
4 GERD的诊断与治疗
5 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗
6 NSAID诱发溃疡的机制
病生试题
一、简答题
1 简述凋亡的基本过程
2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响
3 低钾血症对机体的影响
4 心肌肥大的基本特点
5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制
6 何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？
二、论述题
1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？
2 何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。