[分享]心理学考研例题：被试问设计有何优缺点
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><b><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">被试问设计有何优缺点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">?</font></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中科院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">2002</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>l<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">答：被试问设计是指每个被试只接受一种自变量水平的实验处理，不同的被试接受不同的自变量水平的实验处理，又称完全随机化设计、独立样本设计。被试问设计可以分为言词</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">设计、前测后测设计和所罗门</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">组设计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又称重叠实验设计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等几种类型。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1)</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被试问设计的主要优点是一种自变量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或实验条件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不会影响另一种自变量，因为每</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">个被试只对一种自变量做反应。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2)</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被试问设计的缺点是分配到各实验条件下的被试可能在各个方面不是等同的，如果是这样，那么，不同实验条件造成的差异也可能是由于被试的差别引起的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为了克服被试问设计的这一缺点，应尽量保证每一组被试在与测量有关的方面保持一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">致。如果研究所使用的被试数量较大，就可以采用随机组设计的方法。随机组设计是指如粟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">两个组除了自变量以外所有的方面都相等，那么，这两组在因变量上的差异主要就是由不同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的自变量造成的，主要采用随机选择和随机分配。如果研究所使用的被试数量较少，则一般</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">采用匹配组设计的方法。匹配组设计就是对全部被试进行预备测验，测验的性质与正式实验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的性质是类似的，或者是相关的，然后按测验成绩均匀地形成组。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 48.75pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 博仁教育中心，010-58808856</span></p>
