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查看完整版本:北京大学指定教材《心理学与生活》英文版16版原著作者配套习题，

yanhong0406 2005-7-18 12:49

北京大学指定教材《心理学与生活》英文版16版原著作者配套习题，

Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology in Your Life
Fill in the Blank 
1. is formally defined as the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. 
2.When researchers undertake data collection, they must choose an appropriate and devise measures of behavior that ensure objectivity.
3.A is based on an understanding of the ways events relate to one another, and it suggests what mechanisms link those events to certain predictors.
4.itical figure in the evolution of modern psychology was , who, in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany, founded the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology.
5. One important alternative to structuralism, pioneered by the German psychologist Max Wertheimer, focused on the way in which the mind understands many experiences as , organized wholes, rather than as the sums of simple parts.
6.The perspective guides psychologists who search for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine system. 
7.Psychodynamic principles of motivation were most fully developed by the Viennese physician in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
8. psychologists study behavior, but not by reducing it to components, elements, and variables in laboratory experiments. 
9.Psychologists who take a perspective study cross-cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behavior.
10."Why do I get sick before every exam?", is a question which would be addressed to a psychologi© 2000-2001 by Allyn & Bacon
A Pearson Company
Legal Statement
Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology in Your Life
Essays 
1.Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. Define each of the critical parts to this definition (i.e., scientific, behavior, individual, and mental).
2.What are the two broad scientific divisions in the scientific study of psychology and what are their goals?
3.Although the idea of controlling behavior might seem a little unethical at first, what are some of the reasons why psychologist make this one of their primary goals?
4.What are some of the most significant differences between structuralism and functionalism?
5.Of the following perspectives, psychodynamic, behaviorist, humanistic, cognitive, evolutionary, and cultural, which is the greatest contrast to the biological perspective?
Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology in Your Life
Short Answer 
Examine Table 1.1, "Comparison of Seven Perspectives in Contemporary Psychology" in your textbook and answer the following questions. 
1.Of the following perspectives, which lend themselves to the study of heredity?
2.Which perspective is particularly interested in stimulus-response patterns?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 3.
 Language and internal mental processes might be a primary focus for which perspective?
4.Which of the perspectives would be most interested in the environment or the context that people live in?
5.Which model would most readily lend itself to a free-will position?
Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology in Your Life
Chapter Outline 
What makes Psychology unique?
Definitions 
Psychology (scientific, behavior, individual, mental) 
Scientific method 
Behavior 
Individual 
Mental processes 
social science 
biological science 
cognitive science 
health science
The Goals of Psychology
Describing what happens 
Behavioral data 
levels of analysis 
objectivity
Explaining what happens 
Organismic variables 
Dispositional variables 
Environmental variables

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Environmental variables Situational variablesPredicting what happens Scientific prediction Causal predictionControlling what happens interventionsPsychology in your life: Why Study Psychology?The Evolution of Modern PsychologyPsychology's Historical Foundations Hermann Ebbinghaus Wilhelm Wundt Edward Titchener William James Structuralism: The contents of the mind. introspection structuralism reductionistic elemental mentalistic Max Wertheimer Gestalt PsychologyFunctionalism: Minds with a purpose John Dewey progressive educationThe legacy of these approachesCurrent Psychological Perspectives biological perspective pychodynmaic perspective Sigmund Freudbehaviorist perspective antecedent behavioral response consequenceshumanistic perspective phenomenologistscognitive perspective subjective realityevolutionary perspective mental abilitiescultural perspective cross-culturalcomparing perspectives: focus on aggressionWhat Psychologists Do Women and Psychology Margaret Washburn Mary Calkins Anna FreudPsychology in the 21st Century: The future is now Chapter 2: Research Methods in PsychologyLearning Objectives Chapter 2 OpenerIn his autobiography, Surely You抮e Joking, Mr. Feynman (1985), Nobel prize winning Physicist Richard Feynman described an informal program of research on the navigational ability of ants (pp. 93-95): In my rooms at Princeton I had a bay window with a U-shaped windowsill. One day some ants came out on the windowsill and wandered around a little bit. I got curious as to how they found things. I wondered, how do they know where to go? Can they tell each other where food is, like bees can? Do they have any sense of geometry? This is all amateurish: everybody knows the answer, but I didn抰 know the answer? In [one] experiment, I laid out a lot of glass microscope slides, and got the ants to walk on them, back and forth, to some sugar I put on the windowsill. Then, by replacing an old slide with a new one, or by rearranging the slides, I could demonstrate that the ants had no sense of geometry: they couldn抰 figure out where something was. If they went to the sugar one way, and there was a shorter way back, they would never figure out the short way. It was also pretty clear from rearranging the glass slides that the ants left some sort of trail. So then came a lot of easy experiments to find out how long it takes a trail to dry up, whether it can be easily wiped off, and so on. I also found out the trail wasn抰 directional. If I抎 pick up an ant on a piece of paper, turn him around and around, and then put him back onto the trail, he wouldn抰 know that he was going the wrong way until he met another ant.Feynman抯 simple but clever experiments allowed him, in a rigorous fashion, to satisfy his curiosity about ant behavior. Chapter 2 Learning ObjectivesAfter reading this chapter, students should be abExplain what are the stages involved in the context of discovery.Explain the safeguards used by psychologists to overcome or avoid bias.Describe the general procedures involved in carrying out an experiment.Identify some of the variables that could adversely influence a study.Identify the strengths and potential weaknesses of correlational methods.Discuss whether subliminal messages actually influence behavior.Understand the roles that reliability and validity play in psychological measurement.Explain the benefits and problems associated with self-report measures, observational measures, and case studies.Describe some of the major issues surrounding the use of humans as research subjects.Describe some of the major issues surrounding the use of animals as research subjects.© 2000-2001 by Allyn & BaconA Pearson CompanyLegal StatementChapter 2: Research Methods in PsychologyMultiple Choice 1.The research process in psychology can be broadly divided into two major categories. These includedata and lawful patterns. hypothesis and theory. discovery and justification. if and then statements. 2.Determinism impliesthat all events are the result of causal factors that are potentially knowable. that people do not have free-will. an organized set of concepts that explains a phenomenon. an explanation between two variables that is testable. 3.Which of the following correctly describe a hypothesis?a set of general principles concerning behavior an educated guess concerning a particular pattern of behavior a formal statement that describes the cause of some behavior a testable statement about the relationship between causes and consequences 4.Public verifiability suggests thatthe public has the right to ignore or accept scientific reports. the public has the right to inspect, criticize, replicate, or disprove scientific data and methods. the public is asked to evaluate the truthfulness of research reports. the data must be verified by other studies in a similar group. 5.An error due to personal motives and expectations is often referred to asthe challenge to objectivity. observer bias. the error of objectivity. context of justification. 6.While sitting outside of the college cafeteria, you notice that most people come in groups. The more attractive the students, the larger the groups tend to be, while the opposite appears to be true for unattractive students. What do your observations say about you?You are biased towards attractive students. You are at the justification phase of research. You have formed a hypothesis. You are at the discovery phase of research. 7.One remedy to observer bias is said to beonly relying on a set of standardized procedures. having highly trained people make observations. having what is being measured standardized. There is no remedy to observer bias. 8.One of the most effective strategies for standardization isvalidity.

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consistency. reproducibility. operationalization. Which is more important to the outcome of a research study--reliability or validity?reliability validity They are interrelated terms, thus one is no more important then the other. They are independent terms, thus one is no more important than the other. 10.Consistency and dependability describe which psychological construct?variability validity reliability quantifiable 11.Which of the following is NOT a potential limitation to the self-report method?People are not always honest. Questions are not always framed well or understood. Not everyone can participate in self-report. The studies are often very expensive. 12.If a psychologist is measuring the number of times 20 children cry and the length of each crying bout during separation from a parent, which of the following would be an the most unlikely method to employ for this study?case study behavioral measurement direct observation naturalistic observation 13.Which one of the following is NOT an example of a naturalistic observation?collecting data on how many students in general psychology sit in the same seats across the entire semester measuring the size of adolescent peer groups during Saturday afternoon shopping trips using a hidden camera to measure aggression among 3 year-olds at a day-care center timing how long it takes for a rat to traverse a maze for food 14.Of the following experimental designs, which is the strongest for determining cause and effect relationships?self-report correlation experimental naturalistic observation 15.From which of the following might it be the easiest to get informed consent?prisoners mentally ill people college sophomores children 16.Which of the following is NOT a good reason to use deception?There is sufficient scientific importance The deception wouldn抰, in and of itself, alter a subject抯 willingness to be a participant. There are no other procedures available. The deception has been used before and it didn抰 seem to have any adverse effects. 17.The process where a participant is informed about the nature of a project after the project has been completed is termeddebriefing. risk-gain assessment. informed consent. public verification. 18.In order to conduct either animal or human research ethically, it must meet the approval ofthe researcher. a review board. the American Psychological Association. the subjects. 19.Of the following scenarios, which would likely be considered unethical?asking students after class whether or not they thought the lecture was boring observing the behavior or parents and their children at a toy store dropping a five dollar bill and observing whether or not someone hands it back to you or puts it in their own pocket offering students marijuana to get an idea for how many actually use it 20.After one of your classes, your professor announces that he was actually running an experiment during the class and that he thanks you for helping him collect data for one of his latest research ideas. Of the following, which would NOT be a cause for alarm or be considered a breech of ethics?neglecting to inform the subjects about the nature of the experiment or its results lack of informed consent neglecting to debrief you not paying the research subjects 21.Who benefits from animal research?

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no one Both animals and humans benefit from animal research. only people only animals Note: answer choices in this exercise are randomized. Chapter 2: Research Methods in Psychology1.It is unethical to use animals in research if they are not going to benefit from it.2.A case study is an effective way to get at cause and effect relationships.3.An independent variable is one that is manipulated by an experimenter.4.It is unethical to conduct a study without debriefing human participants.5.Strong correlations demonstrate causality.6.Only experimental research can demonstrate cause and effect relationships.7.Reliability is a measure of consistency.8. The arithmetic average of a set of scores is the mode.9.The major focus of the Stanford Multifactor Risk Reduction Program for smokers is that smokers should take self-directed control of their smoking behavior.10.If a driver is given a ticket for speeding, he or she will be less likely to exceed the speed limit in the future. This statement is an example of a operational definition.Chapter 2: Research Methods in Psychology1.It is unethical to use animals in research if they are not going to benefit from it.2A case study is an effective way to get at cause and effect relationships.3.An independent variable is one that is manipulated by an experimenter.4.It is unethical to conduct a study without debriefing human participants.5.Strong correlations demonstrate causality.6.Only experimental research can demonstrate cause and effect relationships.7.Reliability is a measure of consistency.8.The arithmetic average of a set of scores is the mode.9.The major focus of the Stanford Multifactor Risk Reduction Program for smokers is that smokers should take self-directed control of their smoking behavior.10. If a driver is given a ticket for speeding, he or she will be less likely to exceed the speed limit in the future. This statement is an example of a operational definition.Chapter 2: Research Methods in PsychologyMatching 1 Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. observer bias a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. hypothesis a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. independent variable a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. standardization a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. scientific method a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. determinism a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. context of discovery a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. dependent variable a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. theory a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. variable a. In an experimental setting a factor that varies in amount and kind b. In experimental settings, the stimulus condition whose values are free to vary independently of any other variable in the situation c. In an experimental setting, any variable whose values are the results of changes in one or more independent variables d. The initial phase of research, in which observations, beliefs, information, and general knowledge lead to a new idea or a different way of thinking about some phenomenon e. An organized set of concepts that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena f. The set of procedures used for gathering and interpreting objective information in a way that minimizes error and yields dependable generalizations g. A set of uniform procedures for treating each participant in a test, interview, or experiment or for recording data h. The distortion of evidence because of the personal motives and expectations of the viewer i. The doctrine that all events, physical, behavioral, and mental, are determined by specific causal factors that are potentially knowable j. A tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two (or more) events or variables; often stated as a prediction that a certain outcome will result from specific conditions 2 Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. A-B-A design a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. population a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. within-subjects design a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. sample a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. double-blind control a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. between-subjects design a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. representative sample a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. placebo control a. A research design that uses each participant as his or her own control; for example, the behavior of an experimental participant before receiving treatment might be compared to his or her behavior after receiving treatment b. An experimental technique in which biased expectations of experimenters are eliminated by keeping both participants and experimental assistants unaware of which participants have received which treatment c. The entire set of individuals to which

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c. The entire set of individuals to which generalizations will be made based on an experimental sample d. A subset of a population selected as participants in an experiment e. A subset of a population that closely matches the overall characteristics of the population with respect to the distribution of males and females, racial and ethnic groups, and so on f. An experimental design in which participants first experience the baseline condition (A), then experience the experimental treatment (B), and then return to the baseline (A) g. An experimental condition in which treatment is not administered; it is used in cases where a placebo effect might occur h. A research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental conditions or to control conditions

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1The research process in psychology can be divided into two major categories that usually occur in sequence: (the formation of an idea) and justification (the testing of an idea). 2At the common core of most psychological theories is the assumption of _____ , the idea that all events, physical, mental, and behavioral, are the result of, or determined by, specific causal factors.3An ______ standardizes meaning within an experiment, by defining a concept in terms of specific operations or procedures used to measure it or to determine its presence.4A ___ occurs when experimental participants change their behavior in the absence of any kind of experimental manipulation.5 In some research designs, which are referred to as ______ , different groups of participants are randomly assigned, by chance procedures, to an experimental condition (exposed to one or more experimental treatments) or to a control condition (not exposed to an experimental treatment).6Psychologists use ____when they want to determine to what extent two variables, traits, or attributes are related.7Correlation does not imply_________ .8 _____means that the information produced by research or testing accurately measures the psychological variable or quality it is intended to measure. 9_____ are verbal answers, either written or spoken, to questions the researcher poses.10In a ____ , intensive analyses of particular individuals can sometimes yield important insights into general features of human experience.Chapter 2: Research Methods in PsychologyEssays 1What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory, and which comes first in the context of discovery?2Observer bias is a particularly serious problem in psychological research. What are some of the means by which psychologists control this problem?3What are some examples of self-report measures? What are some of the potential problems associated with this particular methodology?4If experiments are the only way to truly demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships, why don抰 psychologists rely on them exclusively?5According to the American Psychological Association, what are the four acceptable reasons to use deception in research? Chapter 2: Research Methods in PsychologyShort Answer Examine Figure 2.5, "Experimental Design for Testing Hypotheses About the Effectiveness of Subliminal Audiotapes" in your textbook and answer the following questions. 1What is the independent variable in this experiment?2What is the dependent variable in this experiment?3 What are the two testing conditions?Chapter 2: Research Methods in PsychologyChapter Outline The Context of Discovery discovery justification theory determinism hypothesis The Context of Justification: Safeguards for Objectivity scientific method challenge to objectivity remedyobserver biases and operational definitions observer bias filters

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standardization operationalization operational definitionvariable independent variable dependent variableexperimental methods: alternative explanations and the need for controls Experimental methods alternative explanationsConfounding variable Expectancy effects Robert Rosenthalplacebo effect control procedures double-blind control placebo controlbetween-subjects design randomly assigned sample population representative samplewithin-subjects design A-B-A designCorrelational methods correlation coefficientsubliminal influence? subliminal messages listen Psychological Measurement achieving reliability and validity reliability validityself-report measures questionnaire/survey open-ended questions fixed alternativesinterview interactive rapportbehavioral measures and observations behavioral measures observations process products of behaviordirect observations naturalistic observations Jane Goodallcase study Ethical Issues in Human and Animal Research informed consent risk/gain assessment intentional deception debriefing issues in animal research: science, ethics, and politics Becoming a Wiser Research Co

yanhong0406 2005-7-18 13:18

一起努力吧

yanhong0406 2005-7-18 13:20

希望对大家有点帮助

xiaomiwanzi 2005-7-18 20:13

好人呐！

程诚 2005-7-20 23:25

谢谢

ruqurulai 2005-7-22 16:21

建议不要逐字贴出,最好做成word上传

草莓丫头 2005-9-30 12:28

hao !!!thank you

emil312 2005-9-30 16:24

ding!!!!!

幽狸 2005-10-9 14:17

谢谢

reburn 2005-10-9 19:50

说"谢谢"或许过于苍白,我喜欢这个论坛!更喜欢你!呵呵

zebrax 2005-10-10 12:19

有些乱，做成word会好些

lezi2006 2005-11-21 17:13

谢谢提供　是全的吗

kosmoss 2006-3-24 10:12

谢谢

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查看完整版本: 北京大学指定教材《心理学与生活》英文版16版原著作者配套习题，